Tutorials

The two questions arrive together when you restart a Linux machine from a terminal. Which command is the right one, and does the choice matter? The names you learned are one program on a systemd box, so what separates them is not the restart itself. It is what each one tells the machine, and the

Nano opens from the terminal, and the two rows of caret keys along its bottom are the only manual it ships with. The caret means Ctrl, the M- prefix means Alt, and the rest of what you need stays on screen while you type. I ran each keystroke here in nano 7.2, the build Ubuntu

Rename a file so its name begins with a dot and the default directory listing stops showing it. Nothing else about the file changes. The dot is a naming convention that listing tools respect rather than a permission the kernel enforces, so one flag brings every hidden entry back into view. What makes a file

A directory count changes with the definition behind it. Pipe ls into wc -l and a directory with nine visible files and two hidden ones reports thirteen, because plain ls does not print dot-prefixed entries. Every number quoted beside a command below comes from that tree. What You Need Before Piping Anything Every command here

speedtest-cli is the terminal answer every Linux admin reaches for when a link feels slow. Speedtest.net has started rejecting the tool’s plain-HTTP calls with an HTTP 403, and the flag that fixes it is worth knowing before the next outage. Each command below shows a fresh install: a pip install into a venv for the

Raspberry Pi Foundation does not support upgrading Raspberry Pi OS in place, so the supported answer is a clean flash. That trade is wrong when the Pi you are holding has a year of configured services on it. Here is the Bookworm to Trixie path end to end: the archive keyring that has to be

A port is only open when a process is listening on it. Here you will list every listening socket, see which process holds it, and check if it is reachable from outside. What “open port” actually means on Linux An open port is a port number with a process in LISTEN state on an IP