We've all heard about the coming "post-PC" era. Are we there yet? Is it just around the corner? Or, is the post-PC era just a bunch of hype? After all, most of us still use conventional PCs at work or home to do our computing.



First, realize that the opportunity for computerized devices that aren't PCs is practically limitless. International Data Corporation (IDC) reports that of the nearly 2 billion microprocessor chips manufactured each year, over 95% go into non-PC "embedded" devices. Today, a lot of this represents low-level control tasks in vending machines, cars, test instruments, sprinkler systems, etc.

But the smartness and interconnectedness of the myriad of computerized devices that surround us will soon increase dramatically. Recent technology advances make it possible to embed PC-level computing, communications, and display capabilities within common appliances. They're also enabling the creation of many new kinds of electronic gadgets.

That process is happening at a furious place, right now, in thousands of ongoing projects. Which means nine months from now (products take roughly the same time to gestate as human babies), the results of this frenzy of post-PC development will begin to emerge in a big way.

So, here's my prediction: 2001 will be "the year of the post-PC".

Each technology era tends to be characterized by a handful key new technology threads that are woven into its fabric. In this case of the post-PC era, those threads are likely to be . . .

• The Internet
  
• Wireless LANs
  
• Embedded Linux
  
• Voice recognition
  
• "System-on-chip" integrated circuits

Let's zoom in on one of them: system-on-chip (SOC) integrated circuits.

System-on-Chip: the holy grail of embedded systems

Chip companies have long sought to develop the means to build entire systems on one piece of silicon. Imagine a single super-high-density chip that you could program to perform all the electronic functions your system needs. We're not there yet, but we've certainly made a lot of progress.

As a hardware designer I've personally experienced a lot of that evolution. In 1980, the floppy controllers I designed required entire boards full of chips. Soon, the designs compressed into two chips. Then one. Ultimately, the whole thing literally vanished -- sucked into a super-I/O chip! Just a mere spec of silicon and a few interface pins.

As Moore's Law continued to work its magic, the half dozen circuit boards of the original PC eventually met similar fates. One by one, each board-level controller became several chips, one chip, and finally a fraction of a multi-function IC. By the end of the 90's, the functions of a PC had been reduced to a handful of chips. Would the end result be a single-chip PC?

The obvious answer is "yes". But the actual answer, for the moment, is probably "no". Why? Turns out, there are still laws of physics to contend with. Intel started pushing back on the PC-on-a-chip idea several years ago, arguing that it's neither efficient nor practical to implement everything on one piece of silicon. Some partitioning of technologies, they reasoned, is necessary to extract maximum benefits from the silicon -- and to achieve the best cost and performance.

General purpose PCs, and larger computers used as servers or control systems, demand maximized CPU performance. Device interfaces like Ethernet, sound, and LCD controllers, on the other hand, have more specialized needs. These two priorities -- CPU performance, and device interface -- tend to make conflicting demands on the silicon. That's why Intel has opted to not build its Pentium processors with on-chip video, Ethernet, and sound functions.

On the other hand, when you set out to create a web pad, set-top box, Internet radio, or smart vending machine, you face an entirely different set of challenges. After all, you're designing an appliance -- not a PC. These embedded apps tend to be interface-intensive, rather than compute-intensive. So you probably don't need Intel's latest Pentium. In the past, you may have used a single-chip microcontroller (8051, 68HC11, etc.). Today, however, there's an exciting new alternative . . .

The post-PC Linux-oriented system-on-chip

That's quite a mouthful! Let me explain, by breaking it up into three pieces:

• "post-PC" -- Put it this way: embedded apps don't need to be "Wintel" compatible, since they're not trying to be general purpose PCs. Their CPUs can be "X86" variants, but there can be big advantages to "RISC" processors. Why? Because RISC CPUs tend to be more efficient in their use of silicon resources. That can result in higher performance and functional integration, at lower power consumption and cost. Which is all great, provided you've got the operating system software and tools you need, to make the device work the way you want. Which leads us to . . .
  
  
• "Linux-oriented" -- In my opinion, embedded Linux will be a key enabler of the post-PC era. Why? One reason is that Linux isn't wedded to just one CPU architecture. Another, is that Linux is highly scalable, modular, and flexible -- which makes it well suited to the extreme diversity of embedded systems. Then, there's the fact that Linux is open-source, so it's much easier to get your embedded widget to act like it's supposed to. Also, don't forget the Linux royalty model -- zero (or nearly so) -- which makes all this great stuff affordable, even in the simplest of devices.
  
  
• "system-on-chip" -- Right now, a whole new class of system-on-chip (SOC) processors is emerging. They're popping up everywhere, on an almost weekly basis. These highly integrated and easy-to-design-with little tidbits of silicon now contain powerful 32-bit CPUs along with a feast of built-in peripheral interfaces. Best of all, they're nearly all supported with ready-to-run embedded Linux.

A post-PC SOC checklist

Here's my checklist of minimal requirements for a post-PC SOC:

• 32-bit CPU
  
• Built-in interface to RAM and ROM
  
• Built-in DMA, interrupt, and timing controllers
  
• Built-in interface to disk or Flash memory
  
• Built-in Ethernet and/or LCD/CRT interface
  
• Built-in serial and parallel ports and/or USB
  
• Full embedded Linux support

Why require either built-in Ethernet or display controller? That's because some SOCs go in "black box" devices that don't need displays, like firewalls, specialized servers, gateways; others go in user-interactive devices, like web pads and vending machines. By including at least one of these two popular external world interfaces, the SOC implements all the key functions of the required embedded computer.

Some representative Post-PC SOCs

Are there any SOCs that currently meet all the requirements on my checklist? You bet! For the last several months, I've been gathering info on post-PC Linux-oriented SOCs. Here's a sampling of what I've found . . .

• Intel StrongARM SA-1110 -- 206 MHz StrongARM RISC CPU, plus interfaces for PCMCIA cards, dual serial, USB slave, IrDA, multimedia port, LCD (up to 1024 x 1024 pixels), and digital I/O. info
  
  
• NEC VR4181 -- contains a 66 MHz MIPS CPU, plus interfaces for LCD display, CompactFlash, serial, parallel, keyboard, USB, touch, and audio I/O. NEC designed this device to be a complete hand-held PC on a single chip. info
  
  
• STMicroelectronics STPC Industrial -- contains a 80 MHz "X86" CPU, plus CRT/LCD display controller, PCMCIA, and serial/mouse/keyboard ports. The STPC Consumer is another version that has a slightly different mix of features. info
  
  
• Motorola PowerPC MPC823e -- contains a 75 MHz PowerPC CPU, a sophisticated communications signal processor, plus CRT/LCD display controller, PCMCIA, 7 serial ports, USB, I2C, and SPI. info
  
  
• IBM PowerPC 405GP -- contains a 266 MHz PowerPC CPU, plus 10/100 Ethernet, serial and parallel ports, and I2C. info
  
  
• NETsilicon NET+ARM -- contains a 40 MIPS ARM7TDMI CPU, plus 10/100 Ethernet, 2 high-speed sync/async serial ports with HDLC and SPI support, 4 IEEE-1284 parallel ports, and 24 digital I/O pins. info
  
  
• Aplio/TRIO -- contains a 20 MIPS ARM7TDMI CPU, a pair of 40 MIPS DSPs, plus 2 serial ports, SPI, a pair of CODECs, 10/100 Ethernet, USB, and Flash memory interface. The DSPs and CODECs provide software modem, audio, and voice functions. info
  
  
• Axis ETRAX -- contains a 100 MIPS RISC CPU, plus 10/100 Ethernet, IDE, SCSI, 2 IEEE-1284 parallel ports, and 4 high-speed serial ports. info
  
  
• LinkUp Systems L7205 -- 74 MHz ARM7 CPU along with a DSP coprocessor, plus dual LCD controllers (one mono, one mono/color), two high speed ("Bluetooth ready") UARTs, two synchronous serial ports for audio codec or SPI, USB (host and function), and digital I/O. info
  
  
• Alchemy Au1000 -- 200-500 MHz 32-bit MIPS CPU core, R4000 MMU, two 10/100 Mbits/sec Ethernet controllers, four UARTs, USB (host/device), IrDA, AC'97 controller, I²S audio bus, and two SPI/SSI interfaces. info
  
  
• Cirrus Maverick EP9312 -- 200 MHz ARM920T with specialized coprocessor for processing digital audio, plus interfaces for dual EIDE hard drives, 10/100 Ethernet, serial, triple-USB, LCD display, keypad scan, I²S audio bus, touch, and digital I/O. info

Bear in mind, this list represents the tip of the SOC iceberg. New SOCs are announced continually, so check for the latest info at LinuxDevices.com. Use the search function at www.linuxdevices.com/links/ with "system-on-chip" as the keyword.

The post-PC era is just around the corner -- and there's little doubt that embedded SOCs, combined with embedded Linux, will be two of its principal enablers. So get ready for some exciting changes in the electronic gadgets that surround us, as those devices become much more intelligent, and much more connected.

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Rick Lehrbaum created the LinuxDevices.com "embedded Linux portal", which recently became part of the ZDNet Linux Resource Center. Rick has worked in the field of embedded systems since 1979. He co-founded Ampro Computers, founded the PC/104 Consortium, and was instrumental in launching the Embedded Linux Consortium.

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